| profile connections journal |
|
archives
recently
tagboard
|
Logistical Packaging
hello!This blog is done by:Doreen, Mei Tong, Sally, Zhang Xiao and Peiyan =) Teachers, please click Journal on the top right corner to view our project! |
About the people involved in this blog
.This is a blog for the project, Distribution Centre Mangement. The group, which includes Doreen, Zhang Xiao, Sally, Peiyan and Mei Tong. We are currently studying in Temasek Polytechnic |
Links
tp websitevbus :D |
Wednesday, January 9, 2008
Research for the project •
History of Logistical Packaging http://www.scrib.org/downloads/activity_cards/english/the_history_of_packaging.pdf http://www.bagmanofcantley.co.uk/html/history_of_packaging.html http://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/0133.html Forms of Packaging Very early in time, packaging was made from animal skins, large leaves and vegetables. Water was kept in containers made from coconut shells, animal skins or gourds - the hollowed-out dried skins of fruit and vegetables. When containers were needed, nature provided gourds, shells, and leaves to use. Later, containers were fashioned from natural materials, such as hollowed logs, woven grasses and animal organs. Fabrics were made into garments, used to wrap products or formed into bags. With the weaving process, grasses, and later reeds, were made into baskets to store food surpluses. Main functions of packaging are to allow products for easy transport, and to protect it until we are ready to eat it, which reduces the amount we waste. Different kinds of packaging material -Paper and Paper Products Paper may be the oldest form of what today is referred to as "flexible packaging." Sheets of treated mulberry bark were used by the Chinese to wrap foods as early as the First or Second century B.C. But these first papers were somewhat different from those used today. Paper and paperboard packaging increased in popularity well into the 20th century. Then with the advent of plastics as a significant player in packaging (late 1970s and early 1980s), paper and its related products tend to fade in use. Lately that trend has halted as designers try to respond to environmental concerns. -Plasti Plastics Plastic is the youngest in comparison with other packaging materials. Although discovered in the 19th century, most plastics were reserved for military and wartime use. For packaging, molded deodorant squeeze bottles were introduced in 1947 and in 1958. The Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) container only became available during the last two decades with its use for beverages entering the market in 1977. Current packaging designs are beginning to incorporate recyclable and recycled plastics but the search for reuse functions continues. -Labels and Trademarks One rather recent development in packaging is the labeling of the product with the company name and contents information. Official trademarks were pioneered in 1866 by Smith Brothers for their cough drops marketed in large glass jars. This was a new idea - using the package to "brand" a product for the benefit of the consumer. Today, there are nearly three-quarters of a million (750,000) registered trademarks in the United States alone. Labels now contain a great deal of information intended to protect and instruct the public. Introduction Packaging logistics covers the design of a product, its package and packing, as well as the adaptation and control of the distribution system and the administrative and information systems associated with the processes throughout the whole chain from raw product, via various processing stages, to the distribution to the end user, and on to recycling and recovery. As both packaging and logistics form important parts of packaging logistics thinking, safe delivery can be offered to customers and users at a low cost Two purposes are served by packaging: promoting the product and protecting it. The promotional effort is to make the product stand out on a store shelf and say “take me home” to the customer walking down the store aisle. The protective function is to protect the product and, in some instances, to keep the product from damaging surrounding items. Examples of Logistical Packaging http://slipsheet.net/ Plastic Slip Sheets, an economical material handling solution for applications that involve push-pull devices. Slip Sheets serve as a platform for work-in-process and storage applications. They are fully recyclable and provide an environmentally-friendly solution to wood or fiberboard materials commonly used for slip sheets. Advantages: · Moisture and Bacteria Resistant · Non-porous-no bacteria growth or insect larvae · High Tensile Strength (Pull Resistance) · Hygienic · Maximize Shipping and Warehouse Space · Less expensive than wood pallets · 100% reusable and recyclable Plastic Reusable Divider Sheets (also known as Tier Sheets, Layer Pads) Designed as placement between layers of product to protect and stabilize contents, while minimizing contamination. These fully recyclable sheets are manufactured with Polypropylene plastic. Divider Sheets offer greater cleanliness, strength and moisture resistance than corrugated or solid fiberboard divider sheets. The 100% plastic design reduces the product contamination that can occur from dust, fiber and splinters found in these alternative sheet materials.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_Sheet Slip Sheets are thin pallet-sized sheets made of plastic or fibreboard, used in commercial shipping. Goods are placed on the slip sheets and then secured - usually by pallet shrouds or pallet wrap. A specially adapted fork lift truck drags the load onto itself and places it into a truck. At the destination the process is reversed. Slip sheets are very common in the United States but less so in Europe where there is no common standard. http://www.ise.ncsu.edu/kay/mhetax/UnitEq/Slipshet/index.htm Description The slip sheet is used as a unit load support device in vehicle delivery and transportation of products. When slip sheets are supported by a pallet board, roller conveyor surface, flat load carrying surface, or a cart or lift truck, the structural strength of the slip sheet supports the product loads weight. With the slip sheet supported by one of these transportation devices the unit load can easily be transported both internally within a facility and externally between two facility locations.The basic setup for lifting the slip sheet unit load is seen below (Fig 1).  Slip Sheet Types There are several types of slip sheets that can be used for the transportation of a unit load depending upon the desired use of the sheet. The slip sheet is shaped and dimensioned to the size of the product or unit load. The type of slip sheet varies depending on both the number of lip extensions and the material from which it is manufactured. Single Lip Slip Sheet: The first type of slip sheet is the single lip (tab) slip sheet  Advantages of unit loads: -More items can be handled at the same time, thereby reducing the number of trips required and reducing handling costs, loading and unloading times, and product damage -Enables the use of standardized material handling equipment. Disadvantages of unit loads: -Time spent forming and breaking down the unit load. -Cost of containers/pallets and other load restraining materials used in the unit load -Empty containers/pallets may need to be returned to their point of origin. Reusable container used to unitize and protect loose discrete items. Used for in-process handling. Returnable totes provide alternative to cartons for distribution. Pallet Boxes/Skid Boxes Reusable container used to unitize and protect loose items for fork/platform truck handling.  Bins/Baskets/Racks Storage Storage equipment that also can be used to unitize and protect loose discrete items. Disposable container used to unitize and protect loose discrete items. Typically used for distribution. Large quantities of finished carton blanks or knocked-down cartons can be store on pallet until needed Bags Disposable container used to unitize and protect bulk materials. Typically used for distribution. Reusable container used to unitize and protect bulk materials. Includes drums, cylinders, etc. Used for both distribution and in-process handling.  Strapping/Tape/Glue Used for load stabilization. Straps are either steel or plastic. Plastic strapping that shrinks is used to keep loads from becoming loose during shipment. Used for load stabilization. In shrink-wrapping, a film or bag is placed over the load and then heat is applied to shrink the film or bag; allows irregular loads to be stabilized; manual or automatic; most shrink-wrap applications are being replaced by stretch-wrapping. In stretch-wrapping, a film is wound around the load while the film is stretched; allows irregular loads to be stabilized; manual or automatic; as compared to shrink-wrapping, stretch-wrapping has lower material, labor, and energy costs.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crate
Boxes and crates are often confused with one another; mostly when they are made of wood. Contrary to a crate, the strength of a wooden box is rated based on the weight it can carry before the cap (top, ends, and sides) is installed. Crates can be made of wood, plastic, metal or other materials. The term 'crate' often implies a large and/or strong container. Most plastic crates are smaller and are more commonly called a case or container. Metal is rarely used because of its weight. When metal is used, a crate is often constructed as an 'open crate' and may be termed a 'cage'. Although a crate may be made of any material, for these reasons, the term 'crate' used alone often implies one constructed of wood. Transportation methods and storage conditions must always be considered when designing a crate. For example, IATA, the International Air Transport Association, for example, doesn't allow crates on airplanes because it defines a crate as an open transport container. Although a crate can be of the Open or Framed variety, having no sheathing, a Closed crate is not open and is equally as safe to ship in as a wooden box, which is allowed by IATA. Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) are intended for the transport of bulk materials in containers that generally range in capacity from 450 litres or 3 cubic metres. Non-bulk Containers are intended for the transport of materials in containers that generally range in capacity up to 450 litres. Dangerous Goods Containers are tested to stringent requirements and standards for the transport of hazardous materials which are governed by regulatory authorities. These containers can be either Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) or Non-bulk Containers. http://www.dhl.com.sg/publish/sg/en/information/shipping/pack/internal.high.html The following are the most common purpose-made products to be found on the market: Cushioning Different types of cushioning are available, from loose "chips", "shreds" and "peanut" shaped materials to rolls of bubbled-plastic sheet. Loose cushioning is usually made out of very lightweight materials - it's used to fill in corners, keep the articles centred in the container and provide cushioning and shock absorption. It is clean and reusable but can be bulky to store. Most of the fillings available in the market are manufactured from recycled products. Many materials found around the house can also be used - old newspapers, shredded clothes, cushion stuffing all make ideal cushioning. Bubble wrap is made of pockets of air distributed on a plastic film. It provides very good protection to shock, vibration and abrasion, as well as being lightweight and flexible. Sheets, pads and rolls When packing items or stacked objects, you should always use dividers, which provide absorption to shocks. The most frequently used dividers are corrugated cardboard sheets, chipboard sheets, or plain brown "Craft-paper" sheets. Rolls of corrugated carton, cut to size, are excellent for low cost padding. Foam sheets are recommended to wrap up fragile objects. http://www.dhl.com.sg/publish/sg/en/information/shipping/pack/external.high.html Here are some products you may wish to use to wrap your package optimally: Bags Use cushioned bags, such as padded and bubble bags to carry such things as diskettes, tapes, keys and small electronic parts. These bags provide good shock absorption performance. Waterproof and anti-static versions are also available. Boxes Boxes are the most commonly used type of package. The range of sizes and shapes, the different combinations of materials, and the number of accessories available to strengthen and secure them, make boxes the most suitable way to pack your shipments.Wood containers are especially appropriate for shipping heavy items, usually palletised and ready to be machine-handled. Sometimes, heavy-duty double-layered cardboard is a suitable and cheaper alternative to wood. Tapes All packages must be sealed to prevent the contents from falling out. A good seal helps to strengthen your package. Always use strong tapes. When tape is used, it is recommended to close the box by means of 6 strips. Wrapping paper and films The use of wrapping paper around boxes or non-contained objects is only recommended for items like textile products, in order to prevent damage by dust. Strapping When applied correctly, with the proper tension, strapping is an ideal way to strengthen your shipment Edge Protection Edge protectors are available in plastic and recycled cardboard. When using strapping, edge protectors prevent damage to your shipment by distributing the strapping pressure and tension uniformly across the box edge, preventing damage to the cardboard. http://www.natpack.com/ Bio chemical Logistic Lecture Notes 2-8 to 2-11 IBC Totes-for liquid Features -A reusable tabular steel box with four collapsible sidewalls -Can be stacked up to three high (Offer great stability in stacking) -No need for strapping (ability to stand on its own) -Built in pallet features Advantages -Saves cost due to reduction in packaging and handling -Environmental Friendly due to its reusable nature -Reduced transport Cost (Due to the standard sizes) Disadvantages -Only for liquid Super sacks- for solid Features -No lifting loops -Made of polypropylene fabrics and polyethylene liners Advantages -Cost effective -Will not tear the bag when taking the goods out as it is stored on the pallet Disadvantages -Cannot be lifted up using a forklift for there are no lifting loops) -Difficult to collect the product as it is strapped on pallet for storage purposes Jumbo Bags (Flexible IBC) - solid Features -Have four lifting loops to be lifted using a forklift -Made of polypropylene fabrics and polyethylene liners Advantages -Convenient in storage (need not sit on pallet and can save space as can be stacked on top of each other) -Can be lifted using a forklift -Cost effective (can be recycled if it is not torn) -Easy to collect the product for it is stored flexibly and not on a pallet Disadvantages -The bag will be torn if the forklift driver is not skilful in taking the products (to solve this we put a hard cardboard in between the bags) -Jumbo bags sitting on top of each other will cause the jumbo bag below to expand due to the pressure (to solve this we rotate the jumbo bags placement) Drums for both solid and liquid Features -Made of either fibre (best for dry material and chemicals), steel (best for any types of liquid including hazardous liquid chemicals) or plastic ( best for powder or paste materials) -Can be close head, open head or fixtures -Common sizes are 44 and 55 gallons (however there are other sizes too) Advantages -Easy to store -Can staked up to 5 high if forklift driver is skilled Disadvantages -If to be recycled, it needs to be clear thoroughly Labels http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging#Symbols_used_on_packages_and_labels LABELLING- RESEARCH Symbols used on packages and labels Many types of symbols for package labelling are nationally and internationally standardized. For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications, trademarks, proof of purchase, etc. Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer use and safety. Recycling directions, Resin identification code, and package environmental claims have special codes and symbols. http://www.casa.gov.au/dg/freight/labels.htm Dangerous goods Hazard labels for dangerous goods For ease of identification of dangerous goods, the international community has created a classification system. All dangerous goods are included in one of nine primary classes. In some cases it has also been necessary to sub-divide some of the classes into divisions in order to adequately provide for the dangers of the individual goods. There is a label for each class/division to categorise the nature of the hazard. These labels must be affixed to the outside of the package when it is offered for transport and must remain on the package while it is in transit http://www.unzco.com/storefront/placards/pictorial.html International Pictorial Labels Symbols and pictures have been used as a form of communication since time began. Their message can be quickly and easily conveyed. Pictures and symbols are particularly helpful in situations where the written word, for various reasons, is not easily understood. Although pictographs have been available since the early 1900s, it is only in recent years that they have gained their current status with exporters and importers. This is due largely to the advent of more stringent consumer protections laws. When properly designed, these pressure-sensitive labels can be used to communicate critical handling information such as "Fragile" "Keep Dry" This End Up" etc. All labels have been produced in accordance with ANSI and ISO standards.  http://www.surplus-safety.com/products/productdetail.asp?ProductCode=DG05 Shipments of hazardous substances within the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations 2004 should be marked with a limited quantity label when they are shipped under the limited quantity exceptions. http://www.labelmaster.com/lmstore/default.aspx?screen=product/catalog&cataloglevel=1213 Some labels are shown below: 
Case Study http://web.indstate.edu/recycle/9628.html KEY WORDS OFFICE FURNITURE, LOGISTICAL SHIPPING Summary 10 parts of an office chair that are used in the greatest number during assembly, and is required that those parts to be shipped in returnable packaging, the company saves at least $70,000 a year, among other benefits Action Both Herman Miller North America and its subsidiaries can provide a number of well documented examples of how the company and the natural environment each benefit from reusable, returnable packaging rather than expendable, throwaway packaging. This concept is taken by the Aeron chair a big step further. Introduced in 1994,in mind, the Aeron chair was designed from its inception with waste prevention. 10 parts was identified by the design team and used in building the chair that occur in the highest volume. Suppliers were notified that those parts were to be delivered in returnable packaging. These top 10 parts were targeted because they: 1. Consume 90-95% of warehouse storage space for the Aeron chair. 2. It is accounted for 90% of the cost of materials for the chair. 3. The parts which piece-price packaging costs are the highest. Since a packaging cost associated with each part, by requesting minimal and reusable packaging of parts used in the greatest volume, Herman Miller maximizes its opportunity to reduce costs for this chair. The few cents credit for each part delivered in reused packaging becomes significant when multiplied by the total number of parts ordered over the course of a year. The Aeron chair comes complete with an environmental impact statement modelled after work done by the American Society of Testing and Materials. The design of the chair has become a model for subsequent products. "Incorporating returnable packaging into the design and development process from the start has become the way we do business now," says Rick Zuverink, senior new development project leader. Payback For the Aeron chair, the return on the company's investment in returnable totes, boxes, and other packaging is expected to be recovered in less than a year. Thereafter, annual savings of $70,000 in parts costs are anticipated. And as sales of the Aeron chair continue to grow, so will the savings. Benefits: 1.Reduced or avoided disposal expense. 2.The clearing of floor space once occupied by waste bins. 3.Reduced time lost to breaking down and disposing of packaging. 4.Reduced risk of workplace injuries related to the bending, twisting, and reaching associated with traditional packaging. Rubber banding wrapping instead of shrink wrapping case study Company: Traex / Menasha Corporation Summary Rubber pallet bands replace shrink wrap for securing skid-loads in warehouse operations, yielding annual savings of $49,706 from reduced labor and materials. Action : Other References http://www.airchina.com.cn/CargoService/ShipperNotice/default.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization http://www.pac-quebec.com/index.htm http://www.mass.gov/dph/bls/div_6_2_infectious_substance_shipping_guide.doc http://web.indstate.edu/recycle/9701.html http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/packaging/CaseStudies/Workshop.htm#stretchtape http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/packaging/CaseStudies/Workshop.htm#Cisco Retail logistics and Fresh food Packaging: managing change in the supply change Page 70-89 (TP library), Author: Kerstin Gustafsson Fundamentals in Logistics Management Page 328-333 (TP library) Author: Douglas M. Lambert, James R. Stock, Lisa M. Ellram. Retail logistics and fresh food packaging: managing change in the supply change Page 166-168 (TP library) Author: Kerstin Gustafsson |
